浅谈基层法院积案执行难的原因及对策
作者：黑龙江省北安市人民法院 朱凯
“执行难”是人民法院执行工作中普遍存在的问题，也是一个跨世纪的司法难题。1999年党中央批转了最高法院《关于解决“执行难”问题的报告》以中央文件下发全党，党的十六大更明确地提出要：切实解决“执行难”问题，以及近年来出台一些关于执行方面的司法解释等，这些都为人民法院解决执行难的问题提供有力保障。但是目前“执行难”的问题仍然很突出，尤其是基层法院的积案更是存在着各种难执行的问题，包括内外界的各种因素制约了执行工作的开展。笔者通过所在基层法院在近几年实施执行会战等各项集中执行活动中针对执行积案总结出“执行难”的表现、原因及解决对策。
一、执行难的表现类型
通过近几年开展的执行会战等集中执行活动，笔者所在基层法院对执行积案实行梳理、自查、归总，总结出“执行难”主要表现在：一是涉“财”案件执行难。由于我国许多登记制度不健全，在执行时难以寻找或确认被执行人的财产。基层法院大多面对农民执行，一些被执行的农民外出打工经常人走财空，造成人难找财产难寻。二是涉“困”案件执行难。这类案件标的额较小，但未结案比例较大，被执行人不是逃避执行，转移财产，他们确无执行能力，大都属于城乡特困户；有的借款承包土地或经商，由于自然灾害、经营亏损而一贫如洗，根本无力偿还债务。三是涉“企”案件执行难。一些企业转制、并轨、有的名存实亡，有的严重亏损，职工的工资没有保障，法院一旦强制执行就会导致群体上访，影响稳定，影响改制。四是涉“府”案件执行难。这类案件涉及到村委会、乡镇政府、县市政府。这些单位有的直接承担责任，有的承担连带责任。一方面由于地方经济困难暂无履行能力另一方面执行人员的人、财都受制于地方政府而不敢执行。地方政府为了保护地方经济利益而干预执行，造成案件久拖未果。
二、积案“执行难”的成因
“执行难”的原因是多方面的，可以从以下三个层面分析
（一）从社会层面看
1、由于社会诚信度低，个别当事人素质低下。随着商品经济的不断发展和经济交往的不断增多，当事人之间因权益纷争而涉讼的案件大量增多，有些被执行人法制观念淡薄，置生效的法律文书于不顾，置对方当事人的生产、生活困难于不顾，有履行能力而不履行，能拖则拖，能避则避，自觉履行生效法律文书所确定义务的债务人越来越少，导致申请强制执行的案件数量逐年上升，积案数量也不断增加。
2、经济发展落后，自然人收入偏低。企业单位大多数是面临倒闭、关、停、并、转在改制之前所欠债务约定不明。机关事业单位无经费来源，多年陈欠无力清偿。
3、执法环境差，领导指意多，部门干扰多。人大要求加大力度依法执行，政府要求保护地方经济，法院执行人员只好见机执行。社会各界为法院设置执行障碍多，配合、协助法院执行的少。另外，由于信访条例不健全、执行不严，只要当事人因执行上访，有关部门不管原因，只要结果导致执行左右为难。
（二）从立法执法层面看
1、有关执行的法律规定亟待修改。当前，法院执行积案多，执结率不高，和民事诉讼法第219条的规定有直接的关系。该规定指出“申请执行的期限，双方或者一方当事人是公民的为一年，双方是法人或者其他组织的为六个月。”因此，当事人为了避免超过法定的申请执行期限，即使明知债务人无财产可供执行，也不得不向法院申请执行，这类案件不是法院、当事人想执行就可以执行的，结果只能造成执行积案越来越多，导致人们对法院乃至整个法律制度的失望和不满。
2、申请人的风险意识淡薄，法律知识缺乏。一些案件难以执行，一方面交易过程风险意识差。出现纠纷进行诉讼时，没有及时申请财产或证据保全。判决生效申请执行时，不向法院提供被执行人可供执行财产，认为判决后，钱马上就能到位。
3、执行依据错误。法律规定执行依据是生效的法律文书，包括民事、刑附民、公证仲裁等。其中实体处理错误时有发现，但往往又因法律障碍不能纠正而予继续执行，必然最后导致错误执行。一些案件因再审重审，几经周折使执行期限无限期的延长。有些案件当事人不管有理无理在法院采取强制执行措施时就申诉、上访。致使一审法院执行人员在执行过程彷徨不前，左右观望。
（三）从心理层面上分析
1、当事人的心理。做为申请执行人他们认为其起诉了，费用交了，他们就没有任何义务了，法院就应负责执行。被执行人因对判决不服，抵触情绪大，不配合法院执行。千方百计转移财产逃避执行。
2、社会求稳定心理。执行与社会稳定可以说是一对矛盾的问题。特别是执行涉企、涉政府、涉社会特殊群体案件，为了稳定问题，执行就显得软弱，就需稳定。
3、法官的心理复杂。目前执行人员的心理压力较大，这种心理一方面来自领导，执行员的任命、晋级、工资待遇等由地方人大、政府部门决定。他们不能真正地独立司法，有些案件就是领导不过问，也得知道怎样去执行。另一方面来自当事人，执行工作对抗性较强。有的甚至有生命危险，而法律没有赋予执行人员的特殊的权利。对人身安全没有什么特殊的保护。只有惩戒没有豁免，经常出现干的越多，出现问题越多。诸方面原因使执行干警的积极性不高，消极执行。
三、解决积案“执行难”的对策
为了最在限度的实现债权的利益，缓解积案“执行难”的局面。主要从以下方面寻找对策：
（一）深化执行工作改革。通过改革建立起执行工作统一管理，统一协调的管理体制。执行局内部实行执行实施权和执行裁决权两权分离，从而使执行工作朝着结构合理配置科学、程序严密、制约有效，监督有力的方向发展；使各种困扰、对抗、干预，妨碍执行的行为无隙可乘，使违规执行无计可施。
（二）围绕公正、穷尽各种手段
一是多方面开展执行宣传工作
加强普法宣传，让更多的被执行人明白不履行义务所要承担的法律后果，使他们能够自觉履行义务；同时也使申请人明白这样一个道理：在执行中，只要法院执行人员严格依法律规定的程序及时采取了执行行为，穷尽了法律手段，那么，即使申请执行人的权利没有全部得到实现，也应当认为法院已经尽到了法律赋予的职责。唯有如此，人民法院才能卸掉沉重的包袱，走出执行难的怪圈，使执行工作步入良性循环的轨道。
二是用好用足法律赋予的权利
通过统计发现许多执行案件靠被执行人自动履行结案的较少，大部分案件是靠法院强制执行，或者由法院采取司法强制措施后才自动履行的。在执行人员执行案件时，平时我们强调靠说服教育促其自动履行，但更注重强制执行。对有履行能力拒不履行的被执行人，坚决依法采取查封、扣押、冻结、扣划、拍卖、变卖等强制执行措施。
三是做好执行前置工作、降低当事人执行风险
全力推行“阳光执行”和风险提示。把执行的全部程序公开，以便当事人和各界的监督。在执行中实施执行公开告知制度和实施执行风险和不履行生效判决文书后果告知制度。在申请执行期间，分别向申请执行人和被执行人送达《执行风险告知书》、《申请执行人提高内执行人财产状况（线索）书》和《被执行人财产申报表》等。此外，在诉前、诉中、判决前、判决后及申请执行前实行执行风险全程提示，分别在上述各个阶段均告知当事人可能面临的执行风险。对被告确无履行条件的案件，审判人员引导当事人选择实现权利的其它方式，避免诉讼后案件一判决就成执行“死案”。
四是全面推行执行案件备案登记制度
对在诉讼中未采取财产保全的案件，在执行立案前，先行对被执行人财产实施调查；对经调查确无财产可供执行或被执行人下落不明又无财产线索的案件，经申请人同意后暂不予立案受理，进行备案登记。这样既减少了执行案件的数量，也保证了申请人的申请执行权不过时效。
海关对我出国人员进出境行李物品的管理规定(附英文)
海关总署
海关对我出国人员进出境行李物品的管理规定(附英文)
（一九八九年八月二十八日国务院批准
第一条 为了照顾国家派往国外工作、学习人员（以下简称出国人员）的合理需要，加强对国家限制进口物品的管理，特制定本规定。
第二条 出国人员进出境携带的行李物品以自用合理数量为限。出国人员进境时携带的行李物品，在本规定附件《出国人员带进物品限量表》（以下简称《限量表》）规定的品种、数量内给予免税。出国人员在外工作、学习每满六个月（180天）的，准予免税带进《限量表》第四、五项物品各一件，最多连续免税四年，其中经援人员和承包劳务人员不受最高连续免税年限限制。临时出国人员在外不满六个月（180天）的，每公历年首次进境准予征税带进《限量表》第四、五项物品各一件。
第三条 本规定所称“长期出国人员”是指因公连续在国外工作、学习一年以上的人员。“经援人员”是指执行政府间对外经济技术等援助协议的长期出国人员。“承包劳务人员”是指经国务院或经贸部批准，有权经营对外承包劳务业务的公司，为执行与外商签订的劳务或承包工程合同，所派出的持因公普通护照的各种工程技术、管理人员及各工种人员。“临时出国人员”是指因公临时派往国外工作、学习不满一年的各类人员。
第四条 长期出国人员，由海关发给《进口免税物品登记证》（以下简称《登记证》）。进境时由长期出国人员本人（包括免验人员）将所带物品填报在《登记证》上，以便海关查验核放。《登记证》的发放范围，由海关从严掌握。
第五条 长期出国人员托出国人员带进《限量表》第四、五项所列物品，海关凭我驻外机构开具的《托带物品证明》和物品所有人的《登记证》登记核放，并计算在本人携带免税物品限量内，超出限量的不准托带进口。
第六条 出国人员在国内指定供应出国人员外汇商品的单位购买物品需持护照，所购物品计算在本人征免税限量内。
第七条 出国人员用个人所得外汇, 为本单位购买的科研、教学专业用品（不包括一般家用电器，如电视机、录音机等），应由司局级以上（含司局级）单位出具证明，经海关核准后免税放行。不属于以上范围的物品，应按规定缴纳进口税。
第八条 出国人员不得接受外籍人、华侨、港澳同胞、台湾同胞委托带进或带出的物品，也不得委托他们带进物品。
第九条 出国人员进出境不得携带国家规定禁止进出境的物品。
第十条 出国人员应遵守本规定及其它有关规定，认真履行海关手续。经海关免税放行的自用物品需出售时，应售给经批准经营外货的国营商业部门。
第十一条 经批准前往香港、澳门地区工作的人员携带进境的物品，也按本规定办理，但不得托带物品进境。
第十二条 本规定自一九八九年九月十日起实施。
附：出国人员带进物品限量表
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| 品 名 | 数 量 |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|一、食品、衣料、衣着、工艺美术品、| |
| 普通手表和价值人民币二百元 | 限合理数量 |
| （含二百元）以下的其它生活用 | |
| 品 | |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|二、香烟 | 400支 |
| 或雪茄 | 100支 |
| 或烟丝 | 500克 |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|三、12度以上酒精饮料 |2瓶（每瓶限0．75升） |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|四、电视机、洗衣机、电冰箱、照像 | 出国人员：在外每满六个月（180|
| 机、录像机、组合音响、收录音 |天）任选一件免税，最多连续免税四年 |
| 机、摩托车和价值在人民币五百 | |
| 元上、一千元（含一千元）以下 | 经援和承包劳务人员：每满六个月 |
| 的其它生活用品 |（180天）任选一件免税 |
| | 不满六个月的临时出国人员：每公历|
| |年内首次进境任选一件征税 |
|----------------------------------|------------------------------------|
|五、普通电子琴、普通照像机、打字 | 出国人员：在外每满六个月（180|
| 机和价值在人民币二百元以上、 |天）任选一件免税，最多连续免税四年 |
| 五百元（含五百元）以下的其它 | |
| 生活用品 | 经援和承包劳务人员：每满六个月 |
| |（180天）任选一件免税 |
| | 不满六个月的临时出国人员：每公 |
| |历年内首次进境任选一件征税 |
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注：一、物品价值按到岸价格核定。
二、本表第四、五项所列各种物品一年内同一品种不得重复带进。
三、临时出国人员多次出国在外时间不得累计计算。
(附英文)
PROVISIONS OF THE CUSTOMS ON THE CONTROL OF LUGGAGE AND ARTICLESCARRIED BY CHINESE PERSONNEL ENTERING AND LEAVING THE COUNTRY
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE CUSTOMS ON THE CONTROL OF LUGGAGE AND ARTICLES
CARRIED BY CHINESE PERSONNEL ENTERING AND LEAVING THE COUNTRY
(Approved by the State Council on August 28, 1989 and promulgated
by the General Customs Administration on September 6, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to show consideration for the
reasonable needs of the personnel sent abroad by the State to work or
study (hereinafter referred to as "the personnel going abroad"), and to
strengthen the control of articles the importation of which is restricted
by the State.
Article 2
The luggage and articles carried by the personnel entering or leaving the
country shall be restricted to those for personal use and within
reasonable quantities. The personnel going abroad, while entering the
country, shall be given the preferential treatment of exemption from duty
for the luggage and articles they carry along that belong to the varieties
and within the quantities stipulated in the Table of Restricted Quantities
for Articles to be Carried into the Country by the Personnel Going Abroad,
attached to these Provisions as an appendix (hereinafter referred to as
"the Table of Restricted Quantities"). The personnel going abroad, who
have worked or studied abroad, for every 6 months (i.e. 180 days), shall
be permitted to carry into the country duty-free two articles - one
article each from Category 4 and Category 5, as listed in the Table of
Restricted Quantities; the aforesaid personnel going abroad are permitted
to enjoy the said preferential treatment for four successive years at
most. This time limit, however, does not apply to the personnel sent
abroad to carry out an economic-aid program or to fulfil a labour
contract. With respect to personnel temporarily going abroad, who stay
abroad for less than 6 months (i.e. 180 days), they shall be permitted to
carry into the country, after paying the duty, two articles - one article
each from Category 4 and Category 5, as listed in the Table of Restricted
Quantities, when they enter the country for the first time in a year in
terms of the Gregorian calendar.
Article 3
The term "personnel going abroad on a long-term basis", as used in these
Provisions, refers to such personnel who are sent out by the State to work
or study abroad for a period of more than one year. The term "personnel
sent abroad to carry out an economic-and program" refers to such personnel
who are sent to work abroad on a long-term basis to carry out an economic
and technological aid program signed between two governments. The term
"personnel sent abroad to fulfil a labour contract" refers to such
technical, engineering, and administrative personnel who are sent abroad,
holding ordinary passports issued to citizens going abroad on public
business, to fulfil a labour or construction contract, signed with foreign
businessmen by a company vested with the right to manage external
contracting and labour business with the approval of the State Council or
of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade. The term
"personnel temporarily going abroad" refers to various categories of
personnel, who are sent, temporarily, by the State to work abroad or study
for a period of less than one year.
Article 4
With respect to personnel going abroad on a long-term basis, the Customs
shall issue to them "Registration Certificate for Duty-free Imported
Articles" (hereinafter referred to as "the Registration Certificate").
While entering the country, the personnel going abroad on a long-term
basis (including those who are exempted from inspection) shall declare at
the Customs by filling in the Registration Certificate the articles they
carry along, so that the Customs may give clearance after inspection and
verification. The Customs shall strictly control the scope of issuance of
the Registration Certificates.
Article 5
In case the personnel going abroad on a long-term basis ask other
personnel going abroad to carry into the country articles under Categories
4 and 5, as listed in the Table of Restricted Quantities, the Customs
shall give clearance after examining "Certification for Carrying Articles
by Entrustment" issued by a Chinese organ abroad and the Registration
Certificate of owners of the said articles, and the said articles shall be
counted in the restricted quantity of duty-free articles carried into the
country by the owners themselves. Articles that exceed the restricted
quantity are not permitted to be carried into the country by entrustment.
Article 6
In case the personnel going abroad buy articles at a unit in the country
designated by the State to provide the personnel going abroad with goods
paid for in foreign exchange, they shall present their passports, and the
articles bought shall be counted in their restricted quantity of duty-free
articles.
Article 7
In case the personnel going abroad use their own foreign exchange earnings
to buy, for their work-unit, equipment and articles for scientific
research and teaching (not including such general household electrical
appliances as TV sets, tape recorders, etc.), such equipment and articles
shall be exempted from duty and the Customs shall give clearance after it
has examined and verified the certification issued by a government organ
at the department/bureau level or higher. Import duties shall be levied on
articles not belonging to the aforesaid categories in accordance with the
pertinent provisions.
Article 8
The personnel going abroad must not accept articles to be brought into or
out of the country as entrusted by persons of foreign nationalities,
overseas Chinese, and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan;
neither shall they entrust the aforesaid people with the carrying of
articles into the country.
Article 9
The personnel going abroad, while entering or leaving the country, must
not carry articles the import and export of which are forbidden by the
State.
Article 10
The personnel going abroad shall comply with these Provisions and other
pertinent provisions, and go through the Customs procedures
conscientiously. In the event that they wish to sell their personal
articles which have been given Customs clearance duty-free, they shall
sell them to a State-run commercial department that is authorized by the
State to handle foreign goods.
Article 11
Personnel who are approved to go to work in the regions of Hong Kong and
Macao shall go through the procedures also in accordance with these
Provisions when they carry articles into the country; but they must not
ask other people to carry articles for them into the country.
Article 12
These Provisions shall go into effect on September 10, 1989.
Appendix:
Table of Restricted Quantities for Articles to Be Carried into the Country
by the Personnel Going Abroad
|============================================|=============================================|
|Name of Articles |Quantity |
|============================================|=============================================|
|1. Foodstuffs, dress materials, garments, | |
| arts and crafts, ordinary watches, and | |
| other articles for daily use which cost |within reasonable quantities |
| RMB 200 yuan or less (including RMB | |
| 200 yuan) | |
|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
|2. Cigarettes |400 cigarettes |
| or cigars, |100 cigars |
| or pipe tobacco |500 grams |
|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
|3. Alcoholic beverages: |2 bottles, each bottle contains no more |
| with alcoholic content 12% or higher |than 0.75 liter |
|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
|4. TV sets, washing machines, refriger- |Personnel going abroad: for every 6 |
| ators, cameras, video cassette |months (180 days), may choose one of |
| recorders, stereo sound systems, radio |them, duty-free, and enjoy this |
| and tape recorders, motorcycles, and |preferential treatment of duty-exemption |
| articles for daily use which cost |for four successive years at most. |
| between RMB 500 - 1,000 (inclusive | |
| yuan |Personnel sent abroad to carry out an |
| |economic-aid program and personnel |
| |sent abroad to fulfil a labour contract: for |
| |every 6 months (180 days), may choose |
| |one of them, duty-free. |
| | |
| |Temporary personnel going abroad: for |
| |less than 6 months, first entry in every |
| |solar year, choose one and pay duty. |
|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
|5. Ordinary electronic organs, ordinary |Personnel going abroad: for every 6 |
| cameras, typewriters, and other articles |months (180 days), may choose one of |
| for daily use which cost between RMB |them, duty-free, and enjoy this |
| 200 - 500 (inclusive) yuan |preferential treatment of duty-exemption |
| |for four successive years at most. |
| | |
| |Personnel sent abroad to carry out an |
| |economic-aid program and personnel |
| |sent abroad to fulfil a labour contract: for |
| |every 6 months (180 days), may choose |
| |one of them, duty-free. |
| | |
| |Temporary personnel going abroad: for |
| |less than 6 months, first entry in every |
| |solar year, choose one and pay duty. |
|============================================|=============================================|
Notes:
[*1] The value of the aforesaid articles shall be appraised in accordance
with C.I.F. [*2] None of the articles listed in Category 4 and Category 5
of this Table shall be chosen a second time in the same year.
[*3] In case the temporary personnel are sent abroad many times, their
duration of stay abroad on different occasions shall not be added up to
obtain an accumulative total.
